Residual connections and layer normalization are essential for training stable, deep large language models. Without them, transformers couldn't scale beyond a few layers. Here's how they work and why they're non-negotiable in modern AI.
Mixed-precision training using FP16 and BF16 cuts LLM training time by up to 70% and reduces memory use by half. Learn how it works, why BF16 is now preferred over FP16, and how to implement it safely with PyTorch.